The Nelson Battalion of Militia was formed 12 August In June , 75 members of the Auckland Militia under Lieutenant Figg became the first unit to support British Imperial troops in the Flagstaff War, serving as pioneers. One, a man named Rily, later died of his wounds.
As problems continued in the area at least Militia remained. On 28 October , with the passing of the Armed Constabulary Ordinance in , a fresh call was made by Mr Donnelly of the Legislature to do away with the Militia because of its expense. Further pressure in the early s from Britain for removing their forces prompted pleas for them to remain as the Militia were deemed insufficient for the purpose. War had broken out between Russia and Turkey. This war began to involve the major European powers and exposed New Zealand and Australia to a possible external threat from the Imperial Russian Navy.
By attention had swung back to local issues with a land dispute in New Plymouth prompting Governor Thomas Gore Browne to call out its militia under Captain Charles Brown. The act also outlined the purposes under which Militia could be called upon, including invasion. Debates in Parliament had included expressions of concern about Russian naval expansion in the northern Pacific, pointed out that the sole naval defence consisted of one gun frigate, and the time it would take for Britain to come to the colony's aid. British Imperial troops remained in New Zealand until February , during the later stage of the New Zealand Wars, by which time settler units had replaced them.
The Defence Act reclassified the militia as volunteers. These were the forerunners of the Territorials. Although there were informal volunteer units as early as , the appropriate approval and regulation of the units did not occur until the Militia Act Those who signed up for these units were exempt from militia duty, but had to be prepared to serve anywhere in New Zealand.
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The first of these Volunteer Artillery Corps were based in Auckland. This was to be a mounted body of not more than troops, with both Maori and settlers, and costing no more than 30, pounds per annum. Formation of the first unit did not begin until early April , with men being sought at New Plymouth under Captain Atkinson. Formation of an Auckland unit under Colonel Nixon commenced in July and by the 14th had 30 men.
Commander: Major-General Galloway [47] [48] [49]. By October there was no Wairarapa-based defence force, and 50 were based in Wanganui. The total Defence Force numbered by 3 November In October the Government decided to reduce the numbers in the Colonial Defence Force to 75 with three units of 25 members each in Wellington, Hawkes Bay and Taranaki. There were calls, particularly from South Island papers, for the British Imperial troops to be replaced by local forces.
At the request of the governor in January a formal statement on the defence of the colony was presented on 20 March This proposed an armed constabulary force supported by friendly natives, volunteer units, and militia as the case may require be established to take the place of the Imperial troops. They were to be divided into 30 companies of 50 men each based as follows:.
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The total Defence budget, which included purchasing a steamer for use on the Waikato, Patea, and Wanganui rivers, was , pounds per annum. The budget's focus was solely on internal conflict. The issue of external conflict did not begin to resurface until the following year, with thought being given again to coastal defences. Its members transferred to the Armed Constabulary. From to Forest Ranger volunteer units were formed, tasked with searching out Maori war parties, acting as scouts, and protecting lines of communication.
They arose out of the need to prevent ambushes and random attacks on civilians near forest areas.
These units used guerrilla style tactics, moving through areas under cover of darkness and ambushing war parties. The Forest Rangers were disbanded on 1 October Alongside the militia and the British Imperial forces were the Armed Constabulary. From to the Armed Constabulary were the only permanent force in New Zealand. Lieutenant Colonel John Roberts was the Permanent Militia's first commander from January to his retirement in The Defence Act replaced the Volunteer forces with a Territorial force and compulsory military training, a regime that remained until the late s, with breaks from to , to ?
Independent New Zealand armed forces developed in the early twentieth century; the Royal New Zealand Navy was the last to emerge as an independent service in The fall of Singapore in showed that Britain could no longer protect its far-flung Dominions. Closer military ties were therefore necessary for New Zealand's defence. With United States entering the war, they were an obvious choice. Links with Australia had also been developed earlier; both nations sent troops to the Anglo-Boer War and New Zealand officer candidates had trained at Australia's Royal Military College, Duntroon since , a practice that continues to this day.
Under previous legislation, the three services were part of the Ministry of Defence.
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